Southeast Asian Journal of Science and Technology

Automated LCD Masked-Based Lithography PCB Layout Etching System

Asil Kastle S. Dela Cruz — 2023-12-31

The manual pre-sensitizing method usually takes about 30 minutes to an hour, which is very time-consuming and difficult since finding services that print on acetate film is challenging. Implementing manual procedures is also prone to inaccurate results and even exposes the user to various health and safety hazards. Instead of utilizing an acetate film, a transparent monitor was used as the layout mask by displaying the layout on it and letting the UV light pass through to the transparent areas. Exposing, developing, and etching were automated, which reduced potential risks and hazards. With automation and LCD-Masked Based Lithography, the process of printing layouts on acetate film for layout masking can be eliminated, and printing layouts can be done safely and conveniently. The system could etch layouts on pre-sensitized PCBs within 16 minutes, faster than the manual method. Etched PCBs have 100% accuracy and 84% precision. Essentially, the system has obtained a weighted mean of 3.69 from the student respondents and 3.57 from the professional respondents, which, based on its equivalent descriptive rating, implies an excellent performance for achieving its objectives.

A YOLOv5s Model for Classification of Garbage

Earl John C. Flores — 2023-12-31

As a result of great economic and social progress, domestic waste production has risen dramatically. Environmental problems will become prevalent without efficient waste management, impeding sustainable growth. Waste classification management is a critical and crucial aspect of resolving this issue. Traditional waste classification technology is inefficient and unreliable. This work presents a waste detection and classification model based on YOLOv5 to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of waste classification. To begin, the researcher obtained the Trashnet Garbage classification dataset, which has 2527 images classified as glass, metal, plastic, paper, cardboard, and trash. This study trained a YOLOv5s model for garbage detection and classification using the dataset. Finally, the performance of the trained model was evaluated. The results indicate that the YOLOv5 garbage classification model achieves an accuracy of 90.2 %, a recall of 91.6 %, and a mean average precision (mAP) of 95.2 %. The model could accurately classify all sorts of waste and achieve a high detection rate.

Design and Development of a Smart Trash Bin for Recyclable Wastes

Earl John C. Flores — 2023-12-31

Most human activities generate solid waste, which is an unavoidable byproduct. Solid waste management is critical to reducing waste and improving recycling. Uncollected trash and poor waste disposal have severe health and environmental repercussions. Furthermore, most public trash bins overflow due to inefficient waste management practices. As a result, for an immediate and optimized waste collection operation, a waste classification management and remote monitoring system are required to properly segregate trash and notify relevant authorities about the trash levels of the bins. This paper presents the design and development of a smart trash bin that uses an Arduino microcontroller to segregate recyclable materials, monitor trash levels in bins, and send an SMS alarm to authorities through GSM communication. A 12V battery powers the system, supplemented by a solar panel. The smart trash bin's design is appropriate for proper waste disposal of recyclable materials. It will assist authorities in planning an efficient waste collection strategy. The designed trash bin costs 180 USD, which is comparable and affordable to existing smart trash bins.

Fuzzy-based Greenhouse Irrigation Controller System

Earl John C. Flores — 2023-12-31

Food and water demand have increased as a result of population growth. Conventional farming techniques could not meet the demands of the populace. The agriculture industry should implement modern technological advancements and innovative solutions to increase crop yield and maximize the use of limited resources. The automation of the greenhouse system can assist farmers in monitoring their farms to make better irrigation decisions and increase water use efficiency and crop yield. This study developed a soil moisture-based fuzzy irrigation controller that can modify the soil's volumetric moisture content in response to climatic conditions using an Arduino Nano microcontroller. The developed fuzzy irrigation controller aims to eliminate excess water consumption while optimizing plant growth in the greenhouse. The fuzzy controller was designed in MATLAB and was implemented by converting the .fis file to Arduino C code. The results demonstrate that the fuzzy irrigation controller is functional and capable of adapting to changing environmental conditions.

User-Friendly Smart Security System using ESP32 in Rental Rooms

Murphy T. Saumat — 2023-12-31

Face-to-face classes have compelled students to reside in temporary shelters, especially those who study far from home. Being in a new setting with unfamiliar individuals, students become more susceptible to theft, lacking any means to safeguard the privacy of their possessions. Technological advancement brought forth an era of automation where everything runs automatically without the need for human intervention. With knowledge of these advancements, the researchers made use of such technology in a security system. This paper developed a smart security system that can be applied in rental rooms, dormitories, or any establishment that caters to different individuals living in one room. The paper has five stages in gathering necessary data: room inspection, locating the optimal placement of sensors, wireless node system, system test, and data analysis. This data is used to determine the effectiveness of the smart security system. The study shows that smart security system response time is controlled by signal strength, not distance. The smart security system's performance, efficiency, and efficacy depend on the user's smartphone signal strength. The researchers concluded that the smart security system safeguards user assets, and the alarm alerts personnel without user intervention.

Smart Street Lighting System with Webserver Interface

Tanya M. Osorio — 2023-12-31

In urban environments, traditional streetlight systems face challenges such as limited remote management capabilities and the use of outdated lighting technologies, resulting in energy inefficiencies and operational constraints. This project focuses on addressing these challenges by developing a LED-powered street lighting system that integrates LoRa technology and a web server interface. The network architecture adopts a master-slave configuration, where the master server controls three 35 W LED luminaries, functioning as slave units, with the following specifications: 6500K Correlated Color Temperature (CCT), 4200 lumens, and an energy efficiency of 120 Lumens/Watt. LoRa technology facilitates low data rate transmission over a considerable distance, enabling efficient communication between the units. Through a web server, the master unit establishes an access point that is WiFi-enabled, allowing users to view and manually configure the smart street lighting system. The web server interface allows users to visualize and manually control the streetlights, providing information on the state of LED luminaires, temperature, humidity, and connectivity between the master and slave units. The slave units, controlled by NodeMCU ESP32, operate on a 12-hour cycling interval and can receive commands from users or the master unit. Distance testing, energy efficiency calculations, and automated switching tests—including a 13-hour night test to ensure the device functions effectively and identify defects for future development—are used to evaluate the system's performance. The distance test results show steady connections behind walls and in open areas up to specific distances. LED luminaires are a cost-effective option because energy efficiency comparisons demonstrate a significant reduction in power usage when compared to classic High-Pressure Sodium luminaires. It is advised to add cameras for real-time vision-based monitoring, expand coverage with additional master units, and incorporate data logging and brightness control functions. Furthermore, remote switching outside the access point of the master unit can be accomplished by integrating a cloud server with strong security measures.

Solar Powered Automated Waste Restraining Device for Sewages

Ruby Rosa N. Puno — 2023-12-31

In the community, waste is the reason why small-scale sewages or canals are clogging. It is also one of the reasons why floods and long-term floods occur. The study aims to mitigate these specific problems. The research study strived to develop a device specifically for restraining waste floating on a small-scale sewage or canal. Clogged sewage is a blockage of the drainage system that causes the water not to drain, resulting in frequent back-ups such as floods. Blockages are often caused by debris like plastic, dried leaves, pet bottles, etc. The researchers came up with a solution that can help collect substances from clogged sewage to avoid future setbacks. The study proposed a device named "Solar Powered Automated Waste Restraining Device for Sewages." This equipment will prevent the sewages from clogging by restraining and collecting debris on a free-flowing canal using an ultrasonic sensor. This device will automatically send notifications using the GSM module to authorized personnel to repeat the process until the sewage system is clogged-free. To strengthen the effectiveness of the device, the researchers tested the equipment for at least three days to see if it could efficiently lessen the cause of sewage blockages. Keywords — Small-scale Sewage, Waste Restraining Device, Drainage System, GSM Module, Ultrasonic Sensor.

Development of Automated Chick Counting Machine using Mechatronics

Jan Gabriel U. Bernardo — 2023-12-31

An automated chick counting machine using mechatronics was developed that aimed to reduce counting errors, improve counting speed, and acknowledge chick welfare. The machine performance was evaluated in terms of theoretical capacity, actual capacity, machine efficiency, power consumption, accuracy, and precision at different linear belt speeds LBS1, LBS2, and LBS3 of 10.6 cm/s, 16.0 cm/s, and 21.3 cm/s, respectively. The automated chick counting machine has an overall dimension (length, width, and height) of 1350 mm, 465 mm, and 756 mm, respectively. It has a mainframe, loading platform, chick conveyor line, side guards, counting chamber, and slide unit as its components. The samples used were day-old broiler chicks. The machine performance was tested in a single-factor experiment in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three (3) replications for each linear belt speed (10.6, 16.0, and 21.3 cm/s). Results showed that the machine attained a theoretical capacity, actual capacity, machine efficiency, power consumption, accuracy, and precision of 1367 - 2475 chicks/h, 1159 - 2106 chicks/h, 84.94 - 85.35%, 0.51 - 0.81 W-h, 91.67 - 95%, and 0.95 - 0.98, respectively. One-way ANOVA showed significant differences on theoretical capacity, actual capacity, and power consumption at different linear belt speeds. The fabrication and machine cost was Php 26,551 and Php 44,079, respectively.

Math Clips as Learning Aid in Solving Equations, Inequalities, and Functions

Hamimah G. Bacani — 2023-12-31

During the COVID-19 pandemic, the Philippine school system faced an exacerbated challenge, notably the struggle of Filipino students to comprehend mathematical concepts. Proficiency levels in General Mathematics, a pivotal subject in the senior high school curriculum, fell below the established mastery standard. This deficiency indicated that senior high school students had yet to attain the essential skills required for the subject. To address this pressing issue, this study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of math clips as a learning aid for solving equations, inequalities, and functions. Employing a controlled experimental design, the study compared a control group, which underwent traditional classroom instruction, with an experimental group that experienced both traditional teaching and the integration of math clips. Pretest and post-test were administered before and after the implementation of math clips, and various statistical analyses were applied to assess quantitative data from respondents' scores. The results revealed that both the two groups of students improved their performance in mathematics after the implementation of traditional classroom discussion and integration of math clips. Furthermore, learners utilizing math clips outperformed their counterparts who only received traditional classroom instruction. Consequently, it is recommended that mathematics teachers incorporate math clips as a valuable learning tool for addressing equations, inequalities, and functions in general mathematics classes.

Cybersecurity of Smart Grids: Attacks and Defenses of the Smart Meters in an Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI)

Gian Lloyd B. Jacoba — 2023-12-31

Together with the rising energy demand, newer challenges come with it. The paper analyzes the cybersecurity challenges and defenses accompanying the smart grid, particularly Smart Meters in an Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI). The Advanced Metering Infrastructure provides intelligent systems connecting the customers and the energy service providers. These AMIs are essential in keeping track of the customer's data because of their real-time capability and smart options that were integrated. It is then necessary to protect the AMI because it can cripple entire smart grids and leave the population vulnerable to elements. Based on the literature review, the most common attacks in the AMI are Eavesdropping, Denial of Service, False Data Injection, Remote Connect/Disconnect Firmware Manipulation, Man-in-the-Middle, and Power Hijacking. The most potent defenses the literature review has found to employ are Data Encryption, Authentication, and Intrusion Detection Systems.

Market Analysis on The Strategies for Bamboo Handicrafts in Roxas Boulevard, San Carlos City, Pangasinan

Roseanne Jane C. Agustin-Cera — 2023-12-31

This research aimed to study the effective strategies of bamboo handicrafts and to develop the problem encountered strategies. Bamboo is an environmentally friendly material, bamboo handicrafts such as: home decor, furniture, customized products, kitchenware, jewelry and etc. The respondents were customers consisted of three hundred seven individuals from registered bamboo handicraft business in Roxas Boulevard, San Carlos City. Collected data by survey questionnaire and interview. The instrument and statistical tools applied in the study to gather the required data, applying the statistical tools such as; Average weighted mean and frequency distribution. The respondents rated the factors that impact the 4P’s marketing mix strategies according to its effectiveness. These factors on consumer preferences vii in purchasing bamboo handicraft hold relatively lower frequencies, they emphasize the role of effective marketing strategies and the importance of convenience in shaping preferences. The data was analyzed by interpretation method. The study also interprets the significant relationships. Furthermore, the proposed recommendations to pursue market analysis on the strategies for bamboo handicraft based on the findings help as guided and enhance knowledge to develop the strategies.

Food Delivery Service New Trends and its Impact on Customer Satisfaction in Pangasinan

Rricky Tim S. Sison — 2023-12-31

The study have utilized a descriptive quantitative design with the aim to assess customer satisfaction with specific online food delivery services in order to enhance standard operating procedures of food delivery services in Lingayen, Pangasinan. It was conducted from the standpoint of the participants' satisfaction with the chosen food aggregators' food delivery services. The sample size of 215 customers was computed based on the projected population using the Rao soft sample size calculator. The SERVQUAL Model questionnaire, a multi-item scale designed was used to gauge the degree of customer satisfaction in service, that served as a research instrument. The study have used an adapted questionnaire that was modified to fit the objectives of the study. The results revealed that Generation Z and single respondents have a more favorable opinion of and higher level of satisfaction with the effectiveness of food delivery services in Lingayen, Pangasinan. This suggests that the younger generation will likely make up the majority of the clients using the online food delivery services. It shows that customization to using online platforms and mobile apps for various purposes, including ordering food has significance to online food service delivery and level of satisfaction towards it. Their familiarity and comfort with technology make them more likely to embrace online food service delivery and have higher satisfaction with the convenience it offers. Interestingly, this study found that food quality factors related to food delivery services were not proven significant. This research may provide several theoretical advances to the body of knowledge already written about online food delivery services.